Do not stand at my grave and weep,
I am not there, I do not sleep.
I am in a thousand winds that blow,
I am the softly falling snow.
I am the gentle showers of rain,
I am the fields of ripening grain.
I am in the morning hush,
I am in the graceful rush
Of beautiful birds in circling flight,
I am the starshine of the night.
I am in the flowers that bloom,
I am in a quiet room.
I am in the birds that sing,
I am in each lovely thing.
Do not stand at my grave and cry,
I am not there. I do not die. - Mary Elizabeth Frye
這首由一個家庭主婦所寫的詩,在聽過Shaz oye和新井滿兩人風格迥異的歌曲版本後,究竟何者較符合原本異鄉遊子思念母親的悲悔之情?何者能真實反映那母親孤獨死於一個充斥仇恨與壓迫的動盪時代之臨終情感?不同詮釋似乎再度証明文本極易脫離作者與被陳述主體的狀態。
2010年11月24日 星期三
deadly romantic
Deadly Romantic
The heat of mid-autumn flows
Like vapor, in the brightness of sun baked city
She lies quietly, in the freezer of the hospital basement
Pale skin, old scars, and her lips silently whispering
The early harvested dream of a child
I envy her peace, with anger and shame I cried
Is suicide really PAINLESS?
Flowers piled up in the exhibition stadium
The exciting crowd tramp upon the wild flowers, its
Fallen petals staring at withered flowers
Rest quietly in the trash can
As I watched her body burned in to light blue smoke
The crows gather on the wires singing deafening eulogy
Sweating people barbeque in the over crowded park
The full moon looked down with her yellow grin
As the fireworks burned down the dim stars
I hold her urn like a doll together
We climb the mountain in the morning mist
Familiar birdsongs
Guiding us near the roaring water fall
Dewdrops drips thru my wet bones
While the sun paints the rainbow bridge
The fresh cold wind and I send her across
To the ancestor, with open arms
They welcome the wandering child
Home, at last.
The heat of mid-autumn flows
Like vapor, in the brightness of sun baked city
She lies quietly, in the freezer of the hospital basement
Pale skin, old scars, and her lips silently whispering
The early harvested dream of a child
I envy her peace, with anger and shame I cried
Is suicide really PAINLESS?
Flowers piled up in the exhibition stadium
The exciting crowd tramp upon the wild flowers, its
Fallen petals staring at withered flowers
Rest quietly in the trash can
As I watched her body burned in to light blue smoke
The crows gather on the wires singing deafening eulogy
Sweating people barbeque in the over crowded park
The full moon looked down with her yellow grin
As the fireworks burned down the dim stars
I hold her urn like a doll together
We climb the mountain in the morning mist
Familiar birdsongs
Guiding us near the roaring water fall
Dewdrops drips thru my wet bones
While the sun paints the rainbow bridge
The fresh cold wind and I send her across
To the ancestor, with open arms
They welcome the wandering child
Home, at last.
Deadly romantic
浪漫化之極端美學
一•主觀情感與客觀陳述之間的擺蕩
首先必須界定的是,浪漫主義雖然是以十八、十九世紀的西方世界為最澎湃發展的時代,但是以時間或地區劃分卻是無法囊括此種思想意涵的,其次,儘管它的主要敵人是啟蒙運動所強調的理性主義,但是兩者都對「人」的主體性付予高度推崇、都反抗傳統保守思想及封閉體制,康德所推崇的哥白尼與尼采推崇的查拉圖士特拉,也都具有同樣通過自我意志將人類精神推向天堂的悲劇氣質,而在中國則從屈原到嵇康,都以捨身殉道成為對抗現世壓迫的悲劇英雄,表現出浪漫主義的反抗精神。
古希臘神話中奧底帕思(Oedipus Rex)以自我放逐與身體摧殘向命運對抗,普羅米修斯悲劇中也同樣在永無間斷的肉體懲罰中展現一種蔑視痛苦的意志,這與近代某些藝術家寧願燃燒生命也不願意腐敗鏽蝕的特色,正好都表現出相當接近的某種極端的美學思想,這種思想即在尼采的質疑中顯現出來:
“On the last hour.- Storms are my danger:will I have my storm of which I perish, as Cromwell perished of his storm? Or will I go out like a light that no wind blows out, but that grew tired and sated with itself - a burned-out light? Or finally: will I blow myself out lest I burn out ?”1
藝術家經常被一般人以一種浪漫的眼神加以投注,但是又常以脫離現實被評斷,她(他)們似乎掌握了缪思的桂冠,擁有眾神恩寵的靈性,具有超脫塵俗的氣質,可以用各種形式灌注我們的心靈以最完善的「美」之概念,「美的模型」似乎是自然而然存在的,以至於模仿、技巧反而很少被視為可以掌握美的本質,在創作或欣賞時,我們好像只是缪思的奴役,任憑她帶領我們漫遊於一個脫離滾滾紅塵的理想世界中,所以朱光潛先生主張:
美感的世界純粹是意象世界,超乎利害關係而獨立。在創造或是欣賞藝術時,人都是從有利害關係的實用世界搬家到絕無利害關係的理想世界裏去。藝術的活動是「無所為而為」的。2
這種彷彿藝術家都是不食人間煙火的精靈之態度,在面對社會寫實觀點時自然會受到強烈攻擊,但是這其實又是一種錯誤的觀察,因為美感經驗所塑造的世界未必即是構築於純粹想像國度之中,因為其美感經驗依然是由現世存在主體發動,然後才能透過形式表現出來,稷康雖然主張:『音聲有自然之和』,但是也認為:『和心見於內,和氣見於外。』,因為:
心應感而動,聲從變而發。…夫音聲和此,人情所不能已者也。…淫之與正同乎心,雅鄭之體,亦足以觀矣。3
蕭邦的《英雄波蘭舞曲》(Polonanise No. 6“Héroique”Op. 53)和舒曼的《兒時記憶》(Kinderscenen, Op. 15),以不同的主題與調性形式展開,但都是他們先動於心,然後自然流露出來的情懷,如果勉強高唱家國激情、低吟童年夢幻,就無法感動任何人了,同樣的,不論是崑曲、雅樂,或是民謠、地方戲曲,它們都代表藝術家內在真情透過創作形式的表現。
李澤厚批評朱光潛『主客觀的統一』依然是由主觀美來取消客觀性,他並且援引馬克思《經濟學-哲學手稿》中所說:『對於人來說,一切對象都是他本身的對象化』,他認為「自然」在社會關係中『包含了人的本質的異化』4;秉持這種觀點,他把浪漫主義不是當成消極的逃避現實(如:舒曼、宋詞),就是誇張的否定現實(雨果、《牡丹亭》),但是這種基於唯物論觀點的劃分,恐怕是過度簡化浪漫主義的意涵了。
湯顯祖的「四夢系列」目的遠超過單純的否定現實,他不僅繼承了道家『故生而不說,死而不禍,知終始之不可故也。』(《莊子•秋水》)破除生死執著的思想,同時也相當質疑理性知識的有限性,他指出:
人世之事,非人世所可盡,自非通人,恆以理相格耳,第云理之所必無,安知情之所必有邪。5
唯物論者對於社會性的強調是可以理解的,但是姑且不論雨果作品中強烈的社會意識、宋詞包含層面之廣泛,以及湯顯祖『決萬物之成毀』的透澈生命觀,即使是舒曼也會根據拜倫、海涅的詩表達出要『擴大創作時的冒險精神』之理念,浪漫主義最常受到的批評之一是:放任情感至不可收拾的境界,問題是,如果情感能如此輕易的「收拾」,還會是浪漫主義嗎?同時,藝術創作最大的敵人就是想像力的枯竭,以理性作科學研究沒有人會反對,但是在追求美感與個人心靈表現的藝術活動中,不論是要求「理性」創作,或者是期盼藝術家應該『具有歷史具體的特定的社會普遍性(共性)』6,恐怕都未免是太沉重的負擔了。
克羅采(Croce, B.)將知識界定為兩種形式:通過直覺想像或知性邏輯;他主張直覺知識無需任何主宰,也不必依賴任何人,通過認知過程,形式得以擺脫隱誨進入清晰之境,但是他也指出美學表現是直接與間接的綜合體,在藝術表現時我們就已經是經過印象→反思的過程了7。在美感經驗中要如何區隔激情與理性,也許只能作到某種程度的控制而已,梵谷最傑出的作品出現在生命的末期並非單一特例,不論是他的《麥田群鴉》(Crows over Wheatfield 1890)或是《星夜 》(The Starry Night 1889),他的表現都完全與同時代的後印象派脫節8,他早期(1880左右)努力透過色調安排保持的準確性,在被他完全捨棄之後,反而更能夠讓我們思考那狂亂色彩背後的人類心靈困境。
在表現「美」的形式上,它規則的控制性不會壓倒主觀情感的複雜層面,這才使得「美」以如此多樣化型態感動不同時空的人,感人的作品以其強烈之個人獨特色彩主觀展現,但是卻能使客觀冷靜之欣賞者產生心靈震撼,我們不會被高超技術「感動」,而只會為之「佩服」,中國的「感」字從「心」,英文的Touched、Feeling都指向肉體或心靈層次,這都表示出「美感」與理性距離較為疏遠的意義,尼采將過度理性的哲學家視為喪失心靈、生命力的吸血鬼,他們把理性視為理想,對於感官激情則如同自我束縛的奧得賽(Odysseus)一般, 陷入既渴望又恐懼的矛盾中9,藝術對於他而言就是一種救贖:
“Honesty would lead to nausea and suicide. But now our honesty has a counterforce that helps us avoid such consequences: art, as the good will to appearance. … As an aesthetic phenomenon existence is still bearable to us, and art furnishes us with the eye and hand and above all the good conscience to be able to make such a phenomenon of ourselves.”10
尼采一邊展現他對於瘋狂與死亡預言家的恐懼,一方面又高聲贊歎藝術安撫生命的力量,他的矛盾性也正代表著浪漫主義的一種特色,那種非理性的狂熱、那些海上女妖致命的誘人歌聲,再再警惕著不僅是理性主義者,也是如尼采者自身,中國沒有出現浪漫主義這個名詞,並非表示它就單純出現在西方,因為它並非如許多人指稱的某種特定時代的「狂熱疾病」,它只是人類心中的原始獸性或赤子之心,努力透過思想或藝術形式,尋找一個理想仙境的渴望。
由於主觀情緒無疑的在極端浪漫者身上取得壓倒性的力量,其表現型式就無可避免的走向「誇張」,甚至於「變形」的狀態,奇特的是,很少人會以此去批評立體派、表現主義的技法,浪漫主義似乎並非因為它「脫離現實」而樹敵,反而可能是因為它某種酷愛「頹廢」、「崩解」的美學觀,以及「自毀」的傾向,直接點觸到人的內心恐懼(及渴望),同時又讓追求理性穩定的社會機制難以忍受,所以才會經常受到攻擊。
二•浪漫與頹廢
藝術家常常出現的罪名是被批評為「病態」、「墮落」,不論是早期集權政體如納粹黨、共產黨,甚至於所謂的「現代民主國家」,這種攻擊都從未消失,而極端浪漫主義者的作品,自然是「健康寫實者」的主要敵人之一,浪漫主義藝術家及哲學家將死亡、崩解視為與生命並存的「自然」現象,他們的敏感心靈,對著殘破的花朵、崩毀的古跡感嘆、高歌,他們在創作、思考時,似乎顯得如此頹廢,但是他們的表述方式卻又如此的華麗,因而呈現出脫俗的美學觀點,羅素就指出:
浪漫主義運動的特徵,總體說來是用審美的標準代替功利的標準,…浪漫主義者的道德都有原本屬於審美上的動機。但是為刻畫浪漫主義者的本色,必須不但考慮審美動機的重要,而且考慮雅趣上的變化,這種變化使得他們的審美感和前人的審美感不同。11
羅素的觀點在某程度上指出了浪漫主義美學被攻擊的原因之一,「不道德」的批評指的其一就是「雅」,另一則是「頹廢」,前者的問題是指其脫離下層現實,特別是有關民生疾苦的現實,這個傾向在各種藝術型態中都存在,甚至於在主要攻擊者 – 社會主義藝術品中都有,諷刺的是,當他們在攻擊浪漫主義者「個人主義」、「病態」、「遠離人民」時,我們在那些誇張的、美化的工、農、兵藝術品中,卻最能看出社會主義美學的「浪漫」幻想。
其實不僅是社會主義的現實美學,所有追求營建人間天堂、憧憬美麗新世界的現代人,都很難理解一堆殘破的古蹟石塊有甚麼「美」,這是因為他們不瞭解「毀損」在這種美學觀中,已經超越它作為終結的點,而是具有更進一步接近本質的境界,所以不僅是要在形象上「失其美」,進一步則如莊子所說:
墮肢體,黜聰明,離形去知,同於大道,此謂坐忘。(《莊子•大宗師》)
『天地之大美』是要在我們打破以「全」、「新」當作「完美」同義詞時才呈現出來,道家美學的「頹」、「廢」觀念已經超越西方浪漫主義的感傷情緒,而更接近物我兩消、生死俱解的「神遇」境界,所以《牡丹亭》中杜麗娘固然會感嘆:『原來奼紫嫣紅開遍,似這般都付與斷井頹垣。』,湯顯祖卻沒有把這部作品寫成感傷愛情故事的意圖,杜麗娘的真正生命在廢墟中覺醒,在死亡後獲得的重生,就是經由這種必須靠「真情」來打破「實理」的堅持,這從「死亡」、「夢幻」獲得的「重生」才是尼采推崇的「自然」:
“Oh, these people of former times knew how to dream and didn't even need to fall asleep at first!…We need only to love, to hate, to desire, simply to feel - at once the spirit and power of the dream comes over us, and we climb with open eyes, … We untiring wanderer, silent as death, on heights that we see not as heights but as our plains, as our safety.”12
尼采以既羨慕又忌妒的矛盾眼神觀賞女性,那種具有強烈的暈眩魅力是如此的「自然」,他的苦惱正是西方頹廢美學觀與中國不同的地方,那種導致藝術家瘋狂、自殺的寂寞苦惱,到了中國就被消融的像清飄飄的浮雲一般,西方浪漫主義者在面對「自然」時,總是有一種莫名的倾羨、恐懼夾雜其中,不論是伊甸園代表的自然快樂,最後卻導致犯罪與放逐,或是酒神族群(Dionysian cult)的自由奔放精神,被視為直接威脅到社會理性的狂飆行逕13,對比之下,李白觀賞藝術的自然態度則正好相反:
水中之月,了不可取,虛空其心,寥廓無主,錦幪鳥爪,獨行絕侶,刀齊尺梁,扇迷陳語,丹青聖容,何往何所。14
不論是拜倫(George Gordon Noel Byron)由希臘神殿遺跡所引發的英雄主義崇拜,或是雪萊(Percy Bysshe Shelley)因為時間摧毀力量的無情感嘆,其實李白也有,但是由於道家的美學觀影響,使得中國藝術家的浪漫懷古經常擺脫沮喪、感傷的情緒,反而走向『明朝挂帆席,楓葉落紛紛。』15的「物我兩忘」心境,「廢墟」代表著消逝的過去,毀損的形象對我們傾訴,讓我們感染那種「頹廢」的情緒,拜倫就是浪漫的走向希臘,以摧毀自己的生命,將生命的精神溶入那神殿廢墟之中。
廢墟的殘破形象,正是見證物體以及人類肉身的脆弱與無常,多數極端浪漫者不是走向輕忽生命的頹廢行為,就是以激烈態度對抗世界,結果經常以瘋狂、自殺收場(如舒曼、尼采、梵谷等),或是如拜倫一般的「英雄」結局,很少像李白或是華滋華斯 (William Wordsworth)、布萊克(William Blake)一般16,能擁有消遙自在的生命態度,華滋華斯靜坐湖濱從生命與自然中領悟的寧靜、布萊克對純真的渴望,大異於拜倫或是雪萊觀賞廢墟時的感受,因為:
是在羅馬的廢墟裡,雪萊找到了未來的希望,… 這發現帶著頓悟的狂喜,那個春天在廢墟裡,雪萊重又獲得了導引他短暫熾烈生命的軌道。大自然似乎在摧毀專制時美到了極點,正如釋放普羅米修斯恢復了地球的純粹生機。17
不論是拜倫為異國希臘的犧牲,或是雪萊痛斥集權者必亡的詩歌,都大大不同於布萊克近乎神秘的衝突意境,我們可以從他的作品來看:
“To see a world in a grain of sand, and a heaven in a wild flower - Hold infinity in the palm of your hand, and eternity in an hour. … A dog starved at his master's gate, predicts the ruin of the state. A horse misused upon the road, calls to Heaven for human blood. … Man was made for joy and woe, and when this we rightly know, through the world we safely go.”18
布萊克從清澈的純真贊美開始,轉向對人類殘暴、集權腐敗的抨擊,在加上大量的視覺映象,一方面高歌自然情感的重要,一方面又隱含基督新教的禁欲傾向,固然以技巧控制而言,超越拜倫的過度濫情弊病,卻也使他的作品出現矛盾、隱晦的傾向,而正是在這種傾向中,我們可以走入內在頹廢美的沉溺,外在的破損和內心的頹廢之結合,正是極端浪漫者不同於一般「無傷大雅」的頹廢之處,它是「不健康的」、「指向自毀的」(此處絕無貶意)。
「頹廢」作為一種將身、心推至極端的方式,目的是要燃燒生命、獲得重生,從某層次上來看,極端浪漫者似乎有一種受虐傾向,在極端痛苦中尋找極端快樂,他們贊美廢墟、破壞身心健康,使他們和一般人努力而又徒勞無功的保護肉體態度不同,雖然未能達到莊子「物化」的境界,卻展現出一種獨特的悲劇英雄氣質,這種氣質並不顯得「悠然」,反而有一股苦澀的感傷情趣,而感傷是因為它隱隱指向「死亡」,「重生」是希臘的精神,經過「自毀」的死亡,則是違背督教義的,從這種矛盾可以看出尼采反基督「教」的背景:
“When Christianity came into existence the inclination to suicide was very strong - Christianity turned it into a lever of its power:it allowed only two kinds of suicide, dressed them up with the highest dignity and the highest hopes and forbade all others in a terrible manner. But martyrdom and the ascetic's slow suicide were permitted.”19
「反政府(教會)」、「反禮法」,其實都代表浪漫主義者突出的「反叛」心態,所以激烈者如稷康、尼采直接抨擊乃至以身殉道,溫和者則以身體與精神的「頹廢」向世界抗議,這種「頹廢」和現代社會中產階級的姿態(吸大麻、婚外情等等)是大為不同的,因為後者是一種「輕薄無傷」的安全裝扮,而前者經常以生命毀壞作為代價,正如同感傷(Melancholic)一字的原義指的是代表死亡的黑色汁液一般,理性主義者經常譏諷浪漫主義者喜歡「無病呻吟」,反而可能代表他們因為恐懼而對「病痛」的刻意漠視。
理性主義者似乎不像我們認識的那麼「理性」,他們反而像是畏懼床下(內心)怪獸的小孩,必須在點亮燈的臥室(光明的理性世界),才能安然入睡,極端浪漫者反而正視著理性無法解釋的非理性世界,以及擺蕩於激烈衝突的內心,直到崩潰、瘋狂或以各種方式自毀為止,廢墟與頹廢的人在某種意義上是相似的,它們都會受時間摧殘、它們都是「人為」產物,頹廢者會酷愛廢墟、墳墓,也正是因為他們有一種「同病相憐」的情緒,在其中他們「感覺」最為自在,頹廢指向死亡,而死亡安撫他們敏感而痛苦的心靈。
三•浪漫化的自毀美學觀
「美」是否為純粹感性無規則的呢?當然不是;在自然之中依然有其規則性,即使是波拉克(Pollock, Jackson)讓油彩「自然」滴流的作品,或是中國的潑墨山水,最後的構圖組成依然(應該說是「更為」)依賴創作者的規劃,否則其個人風格就難以建立了20;因此,藝術家與任意塗鴉的兒童畢竟有所不同,經常都必須在控制主觀情感與客觀表現中,努力尋求平衡點,極端浪漫藝術家中的「自毀」傾向,不論是以精神崩潰或自殺呈現,其實正表現出此一努力的困難度。
而我們在青少年次文化、以及如邱妙津、Kurt Cobain的生命書寫方式中可以不斷觀察到的自毀行為、自覺性或效法性自殺等現象21,對於其自身而言,也是一種將想像的浪漫情感付諸實踐的衝動,這種「衝動」正是邏輯思考者大不以為然的「非理性行為」,但是其本人卻主張是有仔細思考、將主動迎向「死亡」作為生命美學的極致發揮的態度,如邱妙津所說的:
我決定自殺,那就是整個「寬恕」過程的終點,…我決定自殺,以前所未有的清醒、理智、決心與輕鬆,因為是為了追求關於我生命終極的意義,是為了徹底負擔我所領悟的,關於人與人之間美好的責任。22
她彷彿已經把死亡賦予不但合乎理性、具有美感,又帶有宗教殉道般精神的層次(就像尼采所暗示的一般),這種將暴力(自毀或對外攻擊)浪漫化的精神,其實與人類內心潛伏的原始獸性有很大關係,西方繼承古希臘以來的悲劇精神,將獸性和人性視為既衝突又無可奈何的命運共同存在,而眾神也與人如此類似,死亡是必然的結局而不是終點,對抗才能獲得自由,這也就是普羅米修斯的精神,但是張法認為 :
西方的自由追求面對束縛採取的是進攻方式,它以解除束縛來獲得自由。然而舊的束縛解除了,新的束縛又出現了。它的追求表現為一次又一次的奮鬥,一步又一步的提升,直到進入荒誕的自由。23
為什麼說這種自由是「荒誕的」?因為藝術創作就像吸毒一樣,它的快感在創作中產生,高潮只有在結束的那一刻出現,接下來又是同樣(甚至於更強烈)的空無與焦慮,如果要批評說『中國文化的自由追求 - 逍遙遊,同時又是一種退縮追求。』、具有『夢幻性』24也許有些道理,不過我們不應把它與「頹廢」、「虛無」精神等同視之,那種精神的起點在於面對自然的強大張力下,轉而強調主體的情感、日常生命的詩化,他們的「幻想」與現實隱隱相關,甚至於比寫實主義更寫實,它的走向在梵谷的作品中最為明顯,他畫面上漩渦狀的星光、彷彿燃燒般的向日葵,都打破了「形」對視覺的拘束。
在此我們又看出強將浪漫主義定義在特定時空中所可能產生的問題,我們在形式化思考的範疇中,如果無法去理解為何將廢墟視為有生命的敘述體之概念,就很難理解梵谷自然風景中的內心世界,浪漫主義者最憎恨對古蹟維修、保護的概念,不論是米羅的維納斯或是巴特農神殿,都只有在殘破中才能展現它們的獨特而真實的「美」,時間在其中參與創作,藝術的創作也在時間與步向死亡中進行,馬庫色在批評某些馬克思主義的「健康寫實美學觀」時指出:
藝術創造一個領域,使藝術固有的經驗顛覆成為可能:這個被藝術所形成的世界被認為是一種在既存實在中被壓迫和扭曲了的實在。在愛與死,罪惡與失敗,歡樂、幸福與充實圓滿(fulfillment)等極端情境當中,經驗達到顛峰,以平常被否認或甚至未被耳聞的真理之名,去打破既存實在。25
馬庫色認為『藝術是“為藝術而藝術”的』,因此美學形式具有『揭露』、『解放』人內心中被壓抑的層面,常態世界以理性秩序當作維持社會穩定的基礎,而藝術活動在本質上就有反社會的情緒,對於社會秩序而言,它們總像是在進行一種『地下反叛』,這種反叛是對於社會虛假光明面的對抗與駁斥,經由展現人性中『愛(Eros)與死(Thanatos)的領域』,藝術家其實滿足了我們潛伏的破壞性需求26,藝術表現出的美,在此層面上是真正的實在,而不是帶著面具的「秀場」(showcase)而已。
只有在這種真正的實在中,藝術才是「活的」,「死亡」只有在能像火鳥般復活時,它才具有極端浪漫者死亡的意義,這種將死亡浪漫化的觀點,將生命扭曲化的生存技法,如依此說就成為對理性主義的虛幻真實之顛覆,他們的「情緒化」表現至此反而是內心反思、對話後的精確產物,我們在拜倫、布萊克的詩中都可以看出這種精確性,但是這種精確性的目的又不是在尋求「客觀」,而是對內心情感的不斷驗證。
這也是我們很難以時期、技法將梵谷歸入「後印象派」的原因,儘管某些藝術家如伏得立克(Caspar David Friedrich)可能更為接近浪漫主義將自然與人類情感共同高舉的崇高(Sublime)美境界,但是那種理想世界似乎神秘性大於衝突性,背對著我們的人,有著觀看、思考死亡的意味,而不具有擁抱死亡的狂熱,那種狂熱在梵谷的作品中將更為明顯,尼采就認為尋求存在與毀滅代表兩種不同的欲望:
“Is it hunger or superabundance that have become creative here?… The desire for destruction, for change and for becoming can be the expression of an overflowing energy pregnant with the future;but it can also be the hatred of the ill – constituted, deprived, and underprivileged one who destroys and must destroy because what exist, indeed all existence, all being, outrages and provokes him.”27
這被他稱之為『浪漫悲觀主義』(Romantic pessimism)的藝術表現形式,以狂熱的情感對抗世界,吊詭的是,結果卻經常以自我摧毀為結局,除了他們遺留下來的動人作品外,我們無法確定是否能夠接受他們以燃燒自身為代價的過程,我們似乎必須以心虛、愧疚的姿態來欣賞他們的「垂死天鵝之歌」,死亡之美以近乎超自然的力量感動、震撼我們,安全的我們以觀眾的身份臣服在其面前,並且經由這「美的展示」獲得淨化、轉化。
這種「自毀之美」是可見、可聽的,而又「似乎」是無害的;但是,真的是如此嗎?我們能夠相信自己所受到的感動,不會像面對蛇妖(Medusa)一樣,將我們「轉化」為石像嗎?,我們很難確定梵谷、尼采的終曲是他們精心的演出或僅是如同受美麗火焰誘惑的小孩探詢一般,「自毀」是出自於「自己」的,我們在此不需要求藝術家為那些未經思考的摹擬行為負責,任何以「道德」、「社會責任」探討此一命題,不僅對藝術家是過度沉重的負擔(事實上,他們的「負擔」已經夠沉重了。),也同時有找錯敵手的問題。
結論
如果說理性主義像是在建築知性的巴別塔(Babel),浪漫主義則如同以其多樣形式(語言與藝術)摧毀整體建築的力量,極端浪漫者的情感像普羅米修斯帶來的火燄一般,不僅期盼燒毀腐敗的人類建築,也要燒毀眾神居住的瓦哈拉(Valhalla)28,經由這對毀滅的歌頌,他們拋棄以理性秩序作為目的之觀點,並視其為一個停滯的形式;但是,那種以情感開啟的藝術形式並非沒有問題,因為它依然無法脫離形式制約:
現代藝術表現了了形式化思想的到來對人所造成的情況,…既豐富又貧乏;既是對個人的讚揚又是對個人的拋棄;既是形式的獲得又是真實的喪失 - 有時達到對世界的拒絕和自我毀滅的地步。…追求的狂熱似乎也暴露了一種死的願望。29
這種矛盾性正是馬庫色指出藝術世界『充滿死亡』的原因,極端浪漫藝術家所追求的那種『喜悅之恆久性』(Eternity of joy)30,也彷彿必需通過死亡來獲得,雖然那死亡不是指向黑暗與終結,而是光輝燦爛的復活,卻使它充滿對抗性的悲劇色彩,而無法指向逍遙自在的和諧世界。
參考書目 :
中文專著:
伍蠡甫編,《山水與美學》,台北:丹青圖書公司,1994。
朱光潛,《談美》,台南:信宏出版社,1998。
米蓋爾.杜夫海納,《美學與哲學》,孫非譯,台北:五洲出版社,1987。
伯特蘭•羅素,《西洋哲學史》,馬元德譯,台北:左岸文化,2005。
克里斯多佛•武德爾德,《人在廢墟》,張讓譯,台北:邊城出版,2006。
李白,《李太白全集》,台北:世界書局,1997。
李澤厚,《美學論集》,板橋:駱駝出版社,1987。
邱妙津,《蒙馬特遺書》,台北:聯合文學,1996。
紀昀總篆,《景印文淵閣四庫全書》,台北:台灣商務印書館,1986。
哲拉特•勒格朗,《浪漫主義的藝術》,董強 曹勝操 苗馨譯,台北:閣林國際圖書公司,2002。
馬庫色,《美學的面向-藝術與革命》,陳昭瑛譯,台北:南方叢書出版社,1987。
張法,《中西美學與文化精神》,台北:淑馨出版社,1998。
紹義強,《浪漫派樂曲賞析》,台北:錦繡出版公司,1999。
陳鼓應註譯,《莊子今註今譯》,台北:台灣商務印書館,1994。
湯顯祖,《湯顯祖集》,台北:樂天書局,1975。
西文專著:
Blake, William. Selected Poetry, Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1998.
Croce, Benedetto. Aesthetic: as Science of Expression and General Linguistic. (trans.)by Douglas Ainslie, London: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, Inc.,1990.
Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, The Gay Science, edited by Bernard Williams,(trans.)by Josefine Nauckhoff, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2001.
1. 選自Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, The Gay Science,( ed.) by Bernard Williams, (trans.) by Josefine Nauckhoff, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2001, § 315, p. 178.
2. 摘自朱光潛《談美》,台南:信宏出版社,1998, 頁12。
3. 嵇康<聲無哀樂論>,引自《景印文淵閣四庫全書》,台北:商務印書館,1983,
頁357-365。
4. 李澤厚<美的客觀性和社會性>,選自《美學論集》, 板橋:駱駝出版社,1987,頁64。
5. 湯顯祖<牡丹亭記題詞>,選自《湯顯祖集》,台北:樂天書局,1975,頁1093。
6. 李澤厚<典型初探>,選自《美學論集》, 板橋:駱駝出版社,1987,頁318。
7. “Aesthetic expression is synthesis, in which it is impossible to distinguish direct and indirect.”參見Croce, Benedetto. Aesthetic: as Science of Expression and General Linguistic. Douglas Ainslie, Trans. London:Farrar, Straus and Giroux, Inc. , 1972. chap. 1 – 2, pp. 1 – 21.
8. Georges Seurat 1883-86的作品Un dimanche après-midi à l'Ile de la Grande Jatte 以無比的精確構圖進行色調的組合,藉以尋找符合邏輯方法的和諧性,但是這組合卻是要求觀賞者來參與完成,那種理性和諧之美正是梵谷渴望而無法獲得的心靈狀態。
9. 參見Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, The Gay Science,(§372,) edited by Bernard Williams, translated by Josefine Nauckhoff,(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2001)p.237.
10. Ibid,§ 107,p104.
11. 摘自伯特蘭•羅素《西洋哲學史》,台北:左岸文化,2005,頁235。
12. 參見Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, The Gay Science, edited by Bernard Williams, translated by Josefine Nauckhoff, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2001,§59, p. 70 - 71.
13. Ibid, 2001, §43, p. 58.
14. 摘自<誌公畫讚>,選自《李太白全集下冊》,台北:世界書局,1997,頁1388 – 1389。
15. 摘自<夜泊牛渚懷古>,同上書,頁1119。
16. 華滋華斯(1770 - 1850),為英國浪漫主義詩人代表,他主張結合人類熱情與自然美的創作觀,既符合浪漫主義精神,又不走向拜倫、雪萊氾濫的激情,反而相當接近中國山水詩人王維的意境。布萊克(1757 - 1827),集詩人與畫家於一身,其作品之神秘氣質與複雜面更能反映出浪漫主義者的矛盾情緒。
17. 摘自克里斯多佛•武德爾德《人在廢墟》,張讓譯,台北:邊城出版,2006,頁189。
18. 摘自“Auguries of Innocence”,選自William Blake, Selected Poetry, oxford:Oxford University Press, 1998, p. 173 – 174.
19. 參見Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, The Gay Science,( ed.) by Bernard Williams,( trans.) by Josefine Nauckhoff, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2001, §131, p . 123.
20. 從王維的「破墨山水」開始到近代劉國松的現代水墨,如何從破解單純原色,以達到「得意」的美感境界,中國古代藝術家在此觀點上似乎「輕鬆」而且進步許多,這也許是因為他們能夠『以心為主導,統一心和物的矛盾。』之故。參見伍蠡甫<中國古代山水畫對自然美的處理>,選自伍蠡甫編《山水與美學》台北:丹青圖書公司,1994,頁207 – 220。
21. Kurt Cobain為Grunge搖滾樂團Nirvana之吉他手,1994年在巔峰時期舉槍自殺,其被視為Generation - X象徵之作品Smells like teen spirit(選自Never Mind專輯)中以不斷呼喊Hello – Hello, How low. 呈現出次文化之憤怒、困惑與無力。
22. 摘自邱妙津《蒙馬特遺書》,台北:聯合文學,1996,頁235。;邱妙津於1995年在巴黎自殺,其作品以強烈情欲之書寫展示現代人性之探詢與挫折。
23. 選自張法《中西美學與文化精神》,台北:淑馨出版社,1998,頁163。
24. 同上書,頁167 - 174。
25. 摘自馬庫色《美學的面向-藝術與革命》,陳昭瑛譯,台北:南方叢書出版社,1987,
頁71。
26. 參考上書,頁79 – 80。
27. 參見Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, The Gay Science, (ed.) by Bernard Williams, (trans.) by Josefine Nauckhoff, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2001, § 370, p . 235.
28. 藝術的多元在巴別塔崩潰後出現, 在Wagner, R. 的歌劇Gotterdämmerung 結局,不僅英雄死了,連眾神也在烈焰中進入它們的「黃昏」,這個結束正標示著「人類時代」的誕生。
29. 摘自米蓋爾.杜夫海納《美學與哲學》,孫非譯,台北:五洲出版社,1987,頁231 - 233。
30. 參考馬庫色《美學的面向-藝術與革命》,陳昭瑛譯,台北:南方叢書出版社,1987,
頁109 - 110。
一•主觀情感與客觀陳述之間的擺蕩
首先必須界定的是,浪漫主義雖然是以十八、十九世紀的西方世界為最澎湃發展的時代,但是以時間或地區劃分卻是無法囊括此種思想意涵的,其次,儘管它的主要敵人是啟蒙運動所強調的理性主義,但是兩者都對「人」的主體性付予高度推崇、都反抗傳統保守思想及封閉體制,康德所推崇的哥白尼與尼采推崇的查拉圖士特拉,也都具有同樣通過自我意志將人類精神推向天堂的悲劇氣質,而在中國則從屈原到嵇康,都以捨身殉道成為對抗現世壓迫的悲劇英雄,表現出浪漫主義的反抗精神。
古希臘神話中奧底帕思(Oedipus Rex)以自我放逐與身體摧殘向命運對抗,普羅米修斯悲劇中也同樣在永無間斷的肉體懲罰中展現一種蔑視痛苦的意志,這與近代某些藝術家寧願燃燒生命也不願意腐敗鏽蝕的特色,正好都表現出相當接近的某種極端的美學思想,這種思想即在尼采的質疑中顯現出來:
“On the last hour.- Storms are my danger:will I have my storm of which I perish, as Cromwell perished of his storm? Or will I go out like a light that no wind blows out, but that grew tired and sated with itself - a burned-out light? Or finally: will I blow myself out lest I burn out ?”1
藝術家經常被一般人以一種浪漫的眼神加以投注,但是又常以脫離現實被評斷,她(他)們似乎掌握了缪思的桂冠,擁有眾神恩寵的靈性,具有超脫塵俗的氣質,可以用各種形式灌注我們的心靈以最完善的「美」之概念,「美的模型」似乎是自然而然存在的,以至於模仿、技巧反而很少被視為可以掌握美的本質,在創作或欣賞時,我們好像只是缪思的奴役,任憑她帶領我們漫遊於一個脫離滾滾紅塵的理想世界中,所以朱光潛先生主張:
美感的世界純粹是意象世界,超乎利害關係而獨立。在創造或是欣賞藝術時,人都是從有利害關係的實用世界搬家到絕無利害關係的理想世界裏去。藝術的活動是「無所為而為」的。2
這種彷彿藝術家都是不食人間煙火的精靈之態度,在面對社會寫實觀點時自然會受到強烈攻擊,但是這其實又是一種錯誤的觀察,因為美感經驗所塑造的世界未必即是構築於純粹想像國度之中,因為其美感經驗依然是由現世存在主體發動,然後才能透過形式表現出來,稷康雖然主張:『音聲有自然之和』,但是也認為:『和心見於內,和氣見於外。』,因為:
心應感而動,聲從變而發。…夫音聲和此,人情所不能已者也。…淫之與正同乎心,雅鄭之體,亦足以觀矣。3
蕭邦的《英雄波蘭舞曲》(Polonanise No. 6“Héroique”Op. 53)和舒曼的《兒時記憶》(Kinderscenen, Op. 15),以不同的主題與調性形式展開,但都是他們先動於心,然後自然流露出來的情懷,如果勉強高唱家國激情、低吟童年夢幻,就無法感動任何人了,同樣的,不論是崑曲、雅樂,或是民謠、地方戲曲,它們都代表藝術家內在真情透過創作形式的表現。
李澤厚批評朱光潛『主客觀的統一』依然是由主觀美來取消客觀性,他並且援引馬克思《經濟學-哲學手稿》中所說:『對於人來說,一切對象都是他本身的對象化』,他認為「自然」在社會關係中『包含了人的本質的異化』4;秉持這種觀點,他把浪漫主義不是當成消極的逃避現實(如:舒曼、宋詞),就是誇張的否定現實(雨果、《牡丹亭》),但是這種基於唯物論觀點的劃分,恐怕是過度簡化浪漫主義的意涵了。
湯顯祖的「四夢系列」目的遠超過單純的否定現實,他不僅繼承了道家『故生而不說,死而不禍,知終始之不可故也。』(《莊子•秋水》)破除生死執著的思想,同時也相當質疑理性知識的有限性,他指出:
人世之事,非人世所可盡,自非通人,恆以理相格耳,第云理之所必無,安知情之所必有邪。5
唯物論者對於社會性的強調是可以理解的,但是姑且不論雨果作品中強烈的社會意識、宋詞包含層面之廣泛,以及湯顯祖『決萬物之成毀』的透澈生命觀,即使是舒曼也會根據拜倫、海涅的詩表達出要『擴大創作時的冒險精神』之理念,浪漫主義最常受到的批評之一是:放任情感至不可收拾的境界,問題是,如果情感能如此輕易的「收拾」,還會是浪漫主義嗎?同時,藝術創作最大的敵人就是想像力的枯竭,以理性作科學研究沒有人會反對,但是在追求美感與個人心靈表現的藝術活動中,不論是要求「理性」創作,或者是期盼藝術家應該『具有歷史具體的特定的社會普遍性(共性)』6,恐怕都未免是太沉重的負擔了。
克羅采(Croce, B.)將知識界定為兩種形式:通過直覺想像或知性邏輯;他主張直覺知識無需任何主宰,也不必依賴任何人,通過認知過程,形式得以擺脫隱誨進入清晰之境,但是他也指出美學表現是直接與間接的綜合體,在藝術表現時我們就已經是經過印象→反思的過程了7。在美感經驗中要如何區隔激情與理性,也許只能作到某種程度的控制而已,梵谷最傑出的作品出現在生命的末期並非單一特例,不論是他的《麥田群鴉》(Crows over Wheatfield 1890)或是《星夜 》(The Starry Night 1889),他的表現都完全與同時代的後印象派脫節8,他早期(1880左右)努力透過色調安排保持的準確性,在被他完全捨棄之後,反而更能夠讓我們思考那狂亂色彩背後的人類心靈困境。
在表現「美」的形式上,它規則的控制性不會壓倒主觀情感的複雜層面,這才使得「美」以如此多樣化型態感動不同時空的人,感人的作品以其強烈之個人獨特色彩主觀展現,但是卻能使客觀冷靜之欣賞者產生心靈震撼,我們不會被高超技術「感動」,而只會為之「佩服」,中國的「感」字從「心」,英文的Touched、Feeling都指向肉體或心靈層次,這都表示出「美感」與理性距離較為疏遠的意義,尼采將過度理性的哲學家視為喪失心靈、生命力的吸血鬼,他們把理性視為理想,對於感官激情則如同自我束縛的奧得賽(Odysseus)一般, 陷入既渴望又恐懼的矛盾中9,藝術對於他而言就是一種救贖:
“Honesty would lead to nausea and suicide. But now our honesty has a counterforce that helps us avoid such consequences: art, as the good will to appearance. … As an aesthetic phenomenon existence is still bearable to us, and art furnishes us with the eye and hand and above all the good conscience to be able to make such a phenomenon of ourselves.”10
尼采一邊展現他對於瘋狂與死亡預言家的恐懼,一方面又高聲贊歎藝術安撫生命的力量,他的矛盾性也正代表著浪漫主義的一種特色,那種非理性的狂熱、那些海上女妖致命的誘人歌聲,再再警惕著不僅是理性主義者,也是如尼采者自身,中國沒有出現浪漫主義這個名詞,並非表示它就單純出現在西方,因為它並非如許多人指稱的某種特定時代的「狂熱疾病」,它只是人類心中的原始獸性或赤子之心,努力透過思想或藝術形式,尋找一個理想仙境的渴望。
由於主觀情緒無疑的在極端浪漫者身上取得壓倒性的力量,其表現型式就無可避免的走向「誇張」,甚至於「變形」的狀態,奇特的是,很少人會以此去批評立體派、表現主義的技法,浪漫主義似乎並非因為它「脫離現實」而樹敵,反而可能是因為它某種酷愛「頹廢」、「崩解」的美學觀,以及「自毀」的傾向,直接點觸到人的內心恐懼(及渴望),同時又讓追求理性穩定的社會機制難以忍受,所以才會經常受到攻擊。
二•浪漫與頹廢
藝術家常常出現的罪名是被批評為「病態」、「墮落」,不論是早期集權政體如納粹黨、共產黨,甚至於所謂的「現代民主國家」,這種攻擊都從未消失,而極端浪漫主義者的作品,自然是「健康寫實者」的主要敵人之一,浪漫主義藝術家及哲學家將死亡、崩解視為與生命並存的「自然」現象,他們的敏感心靈,對著殘破的花朵、崩毀的古跡感嘆、高歌,他們在創作、思考時,似乎顯得如此頹廢,但是他們的表述方式卻又如此的華麗,因而呈現出脫俗的美學觀點,羅素就指出:
浪漫主義運動的特徵,總體說來是用審美的標準代替功利的標準,…浪漫主義者的道德都有原本屬於審美上的動機。但是為刻畫浪漫主義者的本色,必須不但考慮審美動機的重要,而且考慮雅趣上的變化,這種變化使得他們的審美感和前人的審美感不同。11
羅素的觀點在某程度上指出了浪漫主義美學被攻擊的原因之一,「不道德」的批評指的其一就是「雅」,另一則是「頹廢」,前者的問題是指其脫離下層現實,特別是有關民生疾苦的現實,這個傾向在各種藝術型態中都存在,甚至於在主要攻擊者 – 社會主義藝術品中都有,諷刺的是,當他們在攻擊浪漫主義者「個人主義」、「病態」、「遠離人民」時,我們在那些誇張的、美化的工、農、兵藝術品中,卻最能看出社會主義美學的「浪漫」幻想。
其實不僅是社會主義的現實美學,所有追求營建人間天堂、憧憬美麗新世界的現代人,都很難理解一堆殘破的古蹟石塊有甚麼「美」,這是因為他們不瞭解「毀損」在這種美學觀中,已經超越它作為終結的點,而是具有更進一步接近本質的境界,所以不僅是要在形象上「失其美」,進一步則如莊子所說:
墮肢體,黜聰明,離形去知,同於大道,此謂坐忘。(《莊子•大宗師》)
『天地之大美』是要在我們打破以「全」、「新」當作「完美」同義詞時才呈現出來,道家美學的「頹」、「廢」觀念已經超越西方浪漫主義的感傷情緒,而更接近物我兩消、生死俱解的「神遇」境界,所以《牡丹亭》中杜麗娘固然會感嘆:『原來奼紫嫣紅開遍,似這般都付與斷井頹垣。』,湯顯祖卻沒有把這部作品寫成感傷愛情故事的意圖,杜麗娘的真正生命在廢墟中覺醒,在死亡後獲得的重生,就是經由這種必須靠「真情」來打破「實理」的堅持,這從「死亡」、「夢幻」獲得的「重生」才是尼采推崇的「自然」:
“Oh, these people of former times knew how to dream and didn't even need to fall asleep at first!…We need only to love, to hate, to desire, simply to feel - at once the spirit and power of the dream comes over us, and we climb with open eyes, … We untiring wanderer, silent as death, on heights that we see not as heights but as our plains, as our safety.”12
尼采以既羨慕又忌妒的矛盾眼神觀賞女性,那種具有強烈的暈眩魅力是如此的「自然」,他的苦惱正是西方頹廢美學觀與中國不同的地方,那種導致藝術家瘋狂、自殺的寂寞苦惱,到了中國就被消融的像清飄飄的浮雲一般,西方浪漫主義者在面對「自然」時,總是有一種莫名的倾羨、恐懼夾雜其中,不論是伊甸園代表的自然快樂,最後卻導致犯罪與放逐,或是酒神族群(Dionysian cult)的自由奔放精神,被視為直接威脅到社會理性的狂飆行逕13,對比之下,李白觀賞藝術的自然態度則正好相反:
水中之月,了不可取,虛空其心,寥廓無主,錦幪鳥爪,獨行絕侶,刀齊尺梁,扇迷陳語,丹青聖容,何往何所。14
不論是拜倫(George Gordon Noel Byron)由希臘神殿遺跡所引發的英雄主義崇拜,或是雪萊(Percy Bysshe Shelley)因為時間摧毀力量的無情感嘆,其實李白也有,但是由於道家的美學觀影響,使得中國藝術家的浪漫懷古經常擺脫沮喪、感傷的情緒,反而走向『明朝挂帆席,楓葉落紛紛。』15的「物我兩忘」心境,「廢墟」代表著消逝的過去,毀損的形象對我們傾訴,讓我們感染那種「頹廢」的情緒,拜倫就是浪漫的走向希臘,以摧毀自己的生命,將生命的精神溶入那神殿廢墟之中。
廢墟的殘破形象,正是見證物體以及人類肉身的脆弱與無常,多數極端浪漫者不是走向輕忽生命的頹廢行為,就是以激烈態度對抗世界,結果經常以瘋狂、自殺收場(如舒曼、尼采、梵谷等),或是如拜倫一般的「英雄」結局,很少像李白或是華滋華斯 (William Wordsworth)、布萊克(William Blake)一般16,能擁有消遙自在的生命態度,華滋華斯靜坐湖濱從生命與自然中領悟的寧靜、布萊克對純真的渴望,大異於拜倫或是雪萊觀賞廢墟時的感受,因為:
是在羅馬的廢墟裡,雪萊找到了未來的希望,… 這發現帶著頓悟的狂喜,那個春天在廢墟裡,雪萊重又獲得了導引他短暫熾烈生命的軌道。大自然似乎在摧毀專制時美到了極點,正如釋放普羅米修斯恢復了地球的純粹生機。17
不論是拜倫為異國希臘的犧牲,或是雪萊痛斥集權者必亡的詩歌,都大大不同於布萊克近乎神秘的衝突意境,我們可以從他的作品來看:
“To see a world in a grain of sand, and a heaven in a wild flower - Hold infinity in the palm of your hand, and eternity in an hour. … A dog starved at his master's gate, predicts the ruin of the state. A horse misused upon the road, calls to Heaven for human blood. … Man was made for joy and woe, and when this we rightly know, through the world we safely go.”18
布萊克從清澈的純真贊美開始,轉向對人類殘暴、集權腐敗的抨擊,在加上大量的視覺映象,一方面高歌自然情感的重要,一方面又隱含基督新教的禁欲傾向,固然以技巧控制而言,超越拜倫的過度濫情弊病,卻也使他的作品出現矛盾、隱晦的傾向,而正是在這種傾向中,我們可以走入內在頹廢美的沉溺,外在的破損和內心的頹廢之結合,正是極端浪漫者不同於一般「無傷大雅」的頹廢之處,它是「不健康的」、「指向自毀的」(此處絕無貶意)。
「頹廢」作為一種將身、心推至極端的方式,目的是要燃燒生命、獲得重生,從某層次上來看,極端浪漫者似乎有一種受虐傾向,在極端痛苦中尋找極端快樂,他們贊美廢墟、破壞身心健康,使他們和一般人努力而又徒勞無功的保護肉體態度不同,雖然未能達到莊子「物化」的境界,卻展現出一種獨特的悲劇英雄氣質,這種氣質並不顯得「悠然」,反而有一股苦澀的感傷情趣,而感傷是因為它隱隱指向「死亡」,「重生」是希臘的精神,經過「自毀」的死亡,則是違背督教義的,從這種矛盾可以看出尼采反基督「教」的背景:
“When Christianity came into existence the inclination to suicide was very strong - Christianity turned it into a lever of its power:it allowed only two kinds of suicide, dressed them up with the highest dignity and the highest hopes and forbade all others in a terrible manner. But martyrdom and the ascetic's slow suicide were permitted.”19
「反政府(教會)」、「反禮法」,其實都代表浪漫主義者突出的「反叛」心態,所以激烈者如稷康、尼采直接抨擊乃至以身殉道,溫和者則以身體與精神的「頹廢」向世界抗議,這種「頹廢」和現代社會中產階級的姿態(吸大麻、婚外情等等)是大為不同的,因為後者是一種「輕薄無傷」的安全裝扮,而前者經常以生命毀壞作為代價,正如同感傷(Melancholic)一字的原義指的是代表死亡的黑色汁液一般,理性主義者經常譏諷浪漫主義者喜歡「無病呻吟」,反而可能代表他們因為恐懼而對「病痛」的刻意漠視。
理性主義者似乎不像我們認識的那麼「理性」,他們反而像是畏懼床下(內心)怪獸的小孩,必須在點亮燈的臥室(光明的理性世界),才能安然入睡,極端浪漫者反而正視著理性無法解釋的非理性世界,以及擺蕩於激烈衝突的內心,直到崩潰、瘋狂或以各種方式自毀為止,廢墟與頹廢的人在某種意義上是相似的,它們都會受時間摧殘、它們都是「人為」產物,頹廢者會酷愛廢墟、墳墓,也正是因為他們有一種「同病相憐」的情緒,在其中他們「感覺」最為自在,頹廢指向死亡,而死亡安撫他們敏感而痛苦的心靈。
三•浪漫化的自毀美學觀
「美」是否為純粹感性無規則的呢?當然不是;在自然之中依然有其規則性,即使是波拉克(Pollock, Jackson)讓油彩「自然」滴流的作品,或是中國的潑墨山水,最後的構圖組成依然(應該說是「更為」)依賴創作者的規劃,否則其個人風格就難以建立了20;因此,藝術家與任意塗鴉的兒童畢竟有所不同,經常都必須在控制主觀情感與客觀表現中,努力尋求平衡點,極端浪漫藝術家中的「自毀」傾向,不論是以精神崩潰或自殺呈現,其實正表現出此一努力的困難度。
而我們在青少年次文化、以及如邱妙津、Kurt Cobain的生命書寫方式中可以不斷觀察到的自毀行為、自覺性或效法性自殺等現象21,對於其自身而言,也是一種將想像的浪漫情感付諸實踐的衝動,這種「衝動」正是邏輯思考者大不以為然的「非理性行為」,但是其本人卻主張是有仔細思考、將主動迎向「死亡」作為生命美學的極致發揮的態度,如邱妙津所說的:
我決定自殺,那就是整個「寬恕」過程的終點,…我決定自殺,以前所未有的清醒、理智、決心與輕鬆,因為是為了追求關於我生命終極的意義,是為了徹底負擔我所領悟的,關於人與人之間美好的責任。22
她彷彿已經把死亡賦予不但合乎理性、具有美感,又帶有宗教殉道般精神的層次(就像尼采所暗示的一般),這種將暴力(自毀或對外攻擊)浪漫化的精神,其實與人類內心潛伏的原始獸性有很大關係,西方繼承古希臘以來的悲劇精神,將獸性和人性視為既衝突又無可奈何的命運共同存在,而眾神也與人如此類似,死亡是必然的結局而不是終點,對抗才能獲得自由,這也就是普羅米修斯的精神,但是張法認為 :
西方的自由追求面對束縛採取的是進攻方式,它以解除束縛來獲得自由。然而舊的束縛解除了,新的束縛又出現了。它的追求表現為一次又一次的奮鬥,一步又一步的提升,直到進入荒誕的自由。23
為什麼說這種自由是「荒誕的」?因為藝術創作就像吸毒一樣,它的快感在創作中產生,高潮只有在結束的那一刻出現,接下來又是同樣(甚至於更強烈)的空無與焦慮,如果要批評說『中國文化的自由追求 - 逍遙遊,同時又是一種退縮追求。』、具有『夢幻性』24也許有些道理,不過我們不應把它與「頹廢」、「虛無」精神等同視之,那種精神的起點在於面對自然的強大張力下,轉而強調主體的情感、日常生命的詩化,他們的「幻想」與現實隱隱相關,甚至於比寫實主義更寫實,它的走向在梵谷的作品中最為明顯,他畫面上漩渦狀的星光、彷彿燃燒般的向日葵,都打破了「形」對視覺的拘束。
在此我們又看出強將浪漫主義定義在特定時空中所可能產生的問題,我們在形式化思考的範疇中,如果無法去理解為何將廢墟視為有生命的敘述體之概念,就很難理解梵谷自然風景中的內心世界,浪漫主義者最憎恨對古蹟維修、保護的概念,不論是米羅的維納斯或是巴特農神殿,都只有在殘破中才能展現它們的獨特而真實的「美」,時間在其中參與創作,藝術的創作也在時間與步向死亡中進行,馬庫色在批評某些馬克思主義的「健康寫實美學觀」時指出:
藝術創造一個領域,使藝術固有的經驗顛覆成為可能:這個被藝術所形成的世界被認為是一種在既存實在中被壓迫和扭曲了的實在。在愛與死,罪惡與失敗,歡樂、幸福與充實圓滿(fulfillment)等極端情境當中,經驗達到顛峰,以平常被否認或甚至未被耳聞的真理之名,去打破既存實在。25
馬庫色認為『藝術是“為藝術而藝術”的』,因此美學形式具有『揭露』、『解放』人內心中被壓抑的層面,常態世界以理性秩序當作維持社會穩定的基礎,而藝術活動在本質上就有反社會的情緒,對於社會秩序而言,它們總像是在進行一種『地下反叛』,這種反叛是對於社會虛假光明面的對抗與駁斥,經由展現人性中『愛(Eros)與死(Thanatos)的領域』,藝術家其實滿足了我們潛伏的破壞性需求26,藝術表現出的美,在此層面上是真正的實在,而不是帶著面具的「秀場」(showcase)而已。
只有在這種真正的實在中,藝術才是「活的」,「死亡」只有在能像火鳥般復活時,它才具有極端浪漫者死亡的意義,這種將死亡浪漫化的觀點,將生命扭曲化的生存技法,如依此說就成為對理性主義的虛幻真實之顛覆,他們的「情緒化」表現至此反而是內心反思、對話後的精確產物,我們在拜倫、布萊克的詩中都可以看出這種精確性,但是這種精確性的目的又不是在尋求「客觀」,而是對內心情感的不斷驗證。
這也是我們很難以時期、技法將梵谷歸入「後印象派」的原因,儘管某些藝術家如伏得立克(Caspar David Friedrich)可能更為接近浪漫主義將自然與人類情感共同高舉的崇高(Sublime)美境界,但是那種理想世界似乎神秘性大於衝突性,背對著我們的人,有著觀看、思考死亡的意味,而不具有擁抱死亡的狂熱,那種狂熱在梵谷的作品中將更為明顯,尼采就認為尋求存在與毀滅代表兩種不同的欲望:
“Is it hunger or superabundance that have become creative here?… The desire for destruction, for change and for becoming can be the expression of an overflowing energy pregnant with the future;but it can also be the hatred of the ill – constituted, deprived, and underprivileged one who destroys and must destroy because what exist, indeed all existence, all being, outrages and provokes him.”27
這被他稱之為『浪漫悲觀主義』(Romantic pessimism)的藝術表現形式,以狂熱的情感對抗世界,吊詭的是,結果卻經常以自我摧毀為結局,除了他們遺留下來的動人作品外,我們無法確定是否能夠接受他們以燃燒自身為代價的過程,我們似乎必須以心虛、愧疚的姿態來欣賞他們的「垂死天鵝之歌」,死亡之美以近乎超自然的力量感動、震撼我們,安全的我們以觀眾的身份臣服在其面前,並且經由這「美的展示」獲得淨化、轉化。
這種「自毀之美」是可見、可聽的,而又「似乎」是無害的;但是,真的是如此嗎?我們能夠相信自己所受到的感動,不會像面對蛇妖(Medusa)一樣,將我們「轉化」為石像嗎?,我們很難確定梵谷、尼采的終曲是他們精心的演出或僅是如同受美麗火焰誘惑的小孩探詢一般,「自毀」是出自於「自己」的,我們在此不需要求藝術家為那些未經思考的摹擬行為負責,任何以「道德」、「社會責任」探討此一命題,不僅對藝術家是過度沉重的負擔(事實上,他們的「負擔」已經夠沉重了。),也同時有找錯敵手的問題。
結論
如果說理性主義像是在建築知性的巴別塔(Babel),浪漫主義則如同以其多樣形式(語言與藝術)摧毀整體建築的力量,極端浪漫者的情感像普羅米修斯帶來的火燄一般,不僅期盼燒毀腐敗的人類建築,也要燒毀眾神居住的瓦哈拉(Valhalla)28,經由這對毀滅的歌頌,他們拋棄以理性秩序作為目的之觀點,並視其為一個停滯的形式;但是,那種以情感開啟的藝術形式並非沒有問題,因為它依然無法脫離形式制約:
現代藝術表現了了形式化思想的到來對人所造成的情況,…既豐富又貧乏;既是對個人的讚揚又是對個人的拋棄;既是形式的獲得又是真實的喪失 - 有時達到對世界的拒絕和自我毀滅的地步。…追求的狂熱似乎也暴露了一種死的願望。29
這種矛盾性正是馬庫色指出藝術世界『充滿死亡』的原因,極端浪漫藝術家所追求的那種『喜悅之恆久性』(Eternity of joy)30,也彷彿必需通過死亡來獲得,雖然那死亡不是指向黑暗與終結,而是光輝燦爛的復活,卻使它充滿對抗性的悲劇色彩,而無法指向逍遙自在的和諧世界。
參考書目 :
中文專著:
伍蠡甫編,《山水與美學》,台北:丹青圖書公司,1994。
朱光潛,《談美》,台南:信宏出版社,1998。
米蓋爾.杜夫海納,《美學與哲學》,孫非譯,台北:五洲出版社,1987。
伯特蘭•羅素,《西洋哲學史》,馬元德譯,台北:左岸文化,2005。
克里斯多佛•武德爾德,《人在廢墟》,張讓譯,台北:邊城出版,2006。
李白,《李太白全集》,台北:世界書局,1997。
李澤厚,《美學論集》,板橋:駱駝出版社,1987。
邱妙津,《蒙馬特遺書》,台北:聯合文學,1996。
紀昀總篆,《景印文淵閣四庫全書》,台北:台灣商務印書館,1986。
哲拉特•勒格朗,《浪漫主義的藝術》,董強 曹勝操 苗馨譯,台北:閣林國際圖書公司,2002。
馬庫色,《美學的面向-藝術與革命》,陳昭瑛譯,台北:南方叢書出版社,1987。
張法,《中西美學與文化精神》,台北:淑馨出版社,1998。
紹義強,《浪漫派樂曲賞析》,台北:錦繡出版公司,1999。
陳鼓應註譯,《莊子今註今譯》,台北:台灣商務印書館,1994。
湯顯祖,《湯顯祖集》,台北:樂天書局,1975。
西文專著:
Blake, William. Selected Poetry, Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1998.
Croce, Benedetto. Aesthetic: as Science of Expression and General Linguistic. (trans.)by Douglas Ainslie, London: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, Inc.,1990.
Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, The Gay Science, edited by Bernard Williams,(trans.)by Josefine Nauckhoff, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2001.
1. 選自Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, The Gay Science,( ed.) by Bernard Williams, (trans.) by Josefine Nauckhoff, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2001, § 315, p. 178.
2. 摘自朱光潛《談美》,台南:信宏出版社,1998, 頁12。
3. 嵇康<聲無哀樂論>,引自《景印文淵閣四庫全書》,台北:商務印書館,1983,
頁357-365。
4. 李澤厚<美的客觀性和社會性>,選自《美學論集》, 板橋:駱駝出版社,1987,頁64。
5. 湯顯祖<牡丹亭記題詞>,選自《湯顯祖集》,台北:樂天書局,1975,頁1093。
6. 李澤厚<典型初探>,選自《美學論集》, 板橋:駱駝出版社,1987,頁318。
7. “Aesthetic expression is synthesis, in which it is impossible to distinguish direct and indirect.”參見Croce, Benedetto. Aesthetic: as Science of Expression and General Linguistic. Douglas Ainslie, Trans. London:Farrar, Straus and Giroux, Inc. , 1972. chap. 1 – 2, pp. 1 – 21.
8. Georges Seurat 1883-86的作品Un dimanche après-midi à l'Ile de la Grande Jatte 以無比的精確構圖進行色調的組合,藉以尋找符合邏輯方法的和諧性,但是這組合卻是要求觀賞者來參與完成,那種理性和諧之美正是梵谷渴望而無法獲得的心靈狀態。
9. 參見Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, The Gay Science,(§372,) edited by Bernard Williams, translated by Josefine Nauckhoff,(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2001)p.237.
10. Ibid,§ 107,p104.
11. 摘自伯特蘭•羅素《西洋哲學史》,台北:左岸文化,2005,頁235。
12. 參見Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, The Gay Science, edited by Bernard Williams, translated by Josefine Nauckhoff, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2001,§59, p. 70 - 71.
13. Ibid, 2001, §43, p. 58.
14. 摘自<誌公畫讚>,選自《李太白全集下冊》,台北:世界書局,1997,頁1388 – 1389。
15. 摘自<夜泊牛渚懷古>,同上書,頁1119。
16. 華滋華斯(1770 - 1850),為英國浪漫主義詩人代表,他主張結合人類熱情與自然美的創作觀,既符合浪漫主義精神,又不走向拜倫、雪萊氾濫的激情,反而相當接近中國山水詩人王維的意境。布萊克(1757 - 1827),集詩人與畫家於一身,其作品之神秘氣質與複雜面更能反映出浪漫主義者的矛盾情緒。
17. 摘自克里斯多佛•武德爾德《人在廢墟》,張讓譯,台北:邊城出版,2006,頁189。
18. 摘自“Auguries of Innocence”,選自William Blake, Selected Poetry, oxford:Oxford University Press, 1998, p. 173 – 174.
19. 參見Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, The Gay Science,( ed.) by Bernard Williams,( trans.) by Josefine Nauckhoff, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2001, §131, p . 123.
20. 從王維的「破墨山水」開始到近代劉國松的現代水墨,如何從破解單純原色,以達到「得意」的美感境界,中國古代藝術家在此觀點上似乎「輕鬆」而且進步許多,這也許是因為他們能夠『以心為主導,統一心和物的矛盾。』之故。參見伍蠡甫<中國古代山水畫對自然美的處理>,選自伍蠡甫編《山水與美學》台北:丹青圖書公司,1994,頁207 – 220。
21. Kurt Cobain為Grunge搖滾樂團Nirvana之吉他手,1994年在巔峰時期舉槍自殺,其被視為Generation - X象徵之作品Smells like teen spirit(選自Never Mind專輯)中以不斷呼喊Hello – Hello, How low. 呈現出次文化之憤怒、困惑與無力。
22. 摘自邱妙津《蒙馬特遺書》,台北:聯合文學,1996,頁235。;邱妙津於1995年在巴黎自殺,其作品以強烈情欲之書寫展示現代人性之探詢與挫折。
23. 選自張法《中西美學與文化精神》,台北:淑馨出版社,1998,頁163。
24. 同上書,頁167 - 174。
25. 摘自馬庫色《美學的面向-藝術與革命》,陳昭瑛譯,台北:南方叢書出版社,1987,
頁71。
26. 參考上書,頁79 – 80。
27. 參見Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, The Gay Science, (ed.) by Bernard Williams, (trans.) by Josefine Nauckhoff, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2001, § 370, p . 235.
28. 藝術的多元在巴別塔崩潰後出現, 在Wagner, R. 的歌劇Gotterdämmerung 結局,不僅英雄死了,連眾神也在烈焰中進入它們的「黃昏」,這個結束正標示著「人類時代」的誕生。
29. 摘自米蓋爾.杜夫海納《美學與哲學》,孫非譯,台北:五洲出版社,1987,頁231 - 233。
30. 參考馬庫色《美學的面向-藝術與革命》,陳昭瑛譯,台北:南方叢書出版社,1987,
頁109 - 110。
2010年11月15日 星期一
Sunk Cost and Haunted Ghost
Ⅰ•
How do you define a rational person, someone who is capable of cutting“Sunk Cost” with a strong will, considering that whatever cannot be recovered as if it was a burned bridge, cutting us from the road of our past, right after we had made a decision, we had passed “the point of no return”therefore, we hold no responsibility to our past . In that case, we should never felt regret, never to be haunted by the ghost of remorse, someone who can be “at ease”with every decision they made, that is, even after they had made mistakes, and still, they can convince themselves that they made their decision in accordance with their“sound mind”, that is, being “agreeable to reason”. Well, isn't that a perfect rational human being, the problem is, it is simply too perfect to be true.
To recognize a sunk cost is nothing, most people are capable of doing that, and to cast aside of it is not too difficult either, it is something less easy for a lot of people, but in the end, we will be forced to make that choice. I will not use some easy example such as throwing away some spend investment first, of course time and money means a lot to us, but the result of material lost is not strong enough to play in this argument, since we are here to discuss the phenomenon of Human mind.
The story goes like this:Sophie stood there against the gun point of Nazi madness; she was forced to make a choice, a choice between her two children, only one will be spared, and one will have to face the certain death, the choice is her to make, both will be killed if she cannot made a choice. Now if anyone wants to accuse me of being too harsh for bringing in such rare example, I am quite willing to accept the accusation, but, I do have my reason, because in a radical example regarding choice such as this one, we can see more clearly the seemingly secured “Rationality”can have its opposite side of being both shaky and absurd, surely Sophie had made a“rational choice”, no one can blame her on any bases, but it is the variable cost we have considered here, in order to understand the dilemma of rational choice .
Ⅱ•
In various fields of ideas, “Rationality”can mean diverse thing, we should not be convinced of all of it, at least not too willingly, considering most of it were based on idealized, conditioned modules, they were hypothesis casts living Human Being as being perfectly reacting to accurate event. In those modules, every one is expected to function as some kind of “superior statisticians”, that is, being able to make reasonable decision in accordance with their “sound mind”.Well, even the all mighty Himself must look at those people with envy, especially the day He decided that He had to flood out the entire production on His making.
Rationality is being able to identify and differentiate what lies in front of oneself, and being able to decide what should be left behind as irretrievable loss, never to create a situation of“cost overrun”just to save money or face. Strangely enough, people tends to prefer avoiding losses than acquiring gains, the“illusion of loss aversion” often tuned out to be the strongest motive that drives our behavior . Again we will have to brings out the problem of“What kinds of choice, it is far easier when we are dealing with a ticket, or a few bucks, but, can it still be that easy when we are dealing with human relationship?or a life?most of all, should it be that easy?If we recollect the ghost that haunted Sophie and Macbeth, the answer may seem to be less reassuring for us to trust the power of rationality.
Why do we value rationality so much?One of the reasons is because we as human beings are intrinsically motivated to master our environments, to have an effect on or to cope successfully with the world of people and objects, and, most of all, to get the “best”output of decision. We feel most“at home”“at ease”when we are in a rational surrounding, irrational people seems to be so full of uncertainty, so full of threat, just remember how we criticize those Romanticist, they allows emotion took controlled of them, always taking risky bet out of life, until they face either madness or death, we easily judged them as the victim of“status quo bias”,that is, definitely “irrational”.
Let us break away from those serious issues for a moment, now, a graduate student of philosophy can already be considered as a rational adult, why does one decides to attended the school in the major of philosophy?To start, one have to allocated scarce resources to the whole processes, notably two or three years of their life and a lot of moneys, while they are attending college, they will not have time to do some other things, like working full – time, fooling around, which means, some“ cost ”will have to be paid, and quite possible, will be paid alone the rest of their life.
The best time of your life will be spend studying something with obscure answer, and most likely it will not cash in much in this reality - based world, you are now devoting a significant amount of your life to something uncertain, except a paper of degree, which will sounds more rational with the letter of M.B.A on it. Why do we invest our scare resources in this way?It will be too disrespectful to say that we are just being leaded by social conditions, or that we are just a bunch of romantic idealist, at least, there ware some rational thinking performs alone the way, before we made that decision.
The very moment that we make our decision, it most likely we had planted the ghost of regrets, which will haunt us in the future, especially as we looked back at those decision as“Sunk Cost”, because we will look at those decisions as economic one, in the sense of a “bad investment”. The mental states of humanity is not a direct copy of physical world, after all, there is a difference between our cognition and the complex social surrounding, which exist outside the willful thinking of our simple recognition, we perceive the phenomenon as reality, and function in accordance to that perception, thus to establish a rationality to secure our way of daily life.
It all seems to be so “natural”, but the true reality is far from that simple deduction, the fairy tale of Cinderella mentioned how her sister tried to cut off part of her feet, in order to fit in the glass slippers, based on ideal hypotheses to solve the problem of human mental states, is itself very much like that conditioned act. But, in accordance to Newton's first law of motion, if there is an outside force, any stable condition will be changed into a direction beyond our feeble minds can predict, rationality is something more than just making accurate prediction, efficient control, what more important is to act in accordance to our mind, before the inner conflict turned into ghosts that can destroy us.
When we examined deep into human nature, or analyzing our own mental state, we can see how we are the main sculptor who shapes ourselves, thru imagination or fabrication, based on our observation and the actions that follow, we realize our cognition into reality, the experience of our experience becomes parts of ourselves, good or bad, apart from a few successful“investments”, we looked back at more “Sunk Cost”than anyone can bear, how do we deal with it?how can we find a “exit strategy”, most people will tried to find comfort thru excuses, it is far easy to convince ourselves that it was not our fault, so we can puts the blame on someone else or some other cause such as fate, in away , these are the lucky ones, because some of them won't be haunted by the ghost that leap out of their minds .
We had mentioned the tragedy of Sophie, her choice was the work of human evil, against her free will, now what about Mcbeth? He tried his best to analyze his mind in accordance to reason, and worked its way to rationality, he even foresee the possible“Sunk Cost”of his acts, but all it takes was a few mockery, and crumbled was his rationality. Maybe the decision we make in our action all thru our life is not so much different from that of Macbeth, considering so many of us walked ourselves into the abyss of despair, it is the “ghost”of our remorse that achieved its goal, as we ceaselessly looked back at the “Sunk Cost”.
Ⅲ•
Who takes rationality as prisoner?Well, no one but ourselves, clearly we can understand that rationality is no guarantee of a wise, or even a correct decision, numerous decisions we will have to make in a lifetime, be it short or long, and definitely many of them will be viewed by us or other as “bad investment”, wise we may not become, after all, “To err is Human”, does that sounds like seeking“excuses”?Maybe, but that is not exactly what we are trying to do here, we are only trying to finds a “Way out”off the abyss, it the constant reminiscences of the“Sunk Cost”that will destroyed our mind, not the “Sunk Cost”itself.
Obsession means that the more we believe in something, the more easy it is for us to becomes of it, rationality is not the cure for everything, it is not even the definite solution of anything, it is rather function as an antidote against obsession, as well as the status quo biases surrounding it. It is easy to maintain rationality while working on a conditioned module, but human nature often involves interactive relationship among subject, and every individual life is an irreversible process, “Sunk Cost”and“Haunted Ghost”are like twins, we will be kidding ourselves to say that we can dismiss the regret of our mistakes, and just get on with our life as if nothing had happened, the “Ghost”will always be there to haunt us, just as the “Sunk Cost”is a past that will never go away.
In the world of our minds, dilemma is what we have to face all our life, with no remorse, we are just heartless beast, with too much remorse, we will be eaten alive by our own ghosts, the phenomenon of our minds can walked its way out of the past, a past with all its ghosts, or embrace a present of peace at hand, it is a difficult task, but so is life, life is a risky investment, its up to us, and us alone, we choose how to live it.
REFERANCES:
Kahneman, Deniel.(2002) Maps of Bounded Rationality, Stockholm:Nobel Foundation.
Gal, David. (2006) “A Psychological Law of Inertia and the Illusion of Loss Aversion”, Judgment and Decision Making. Stanford:Stanford University.
Ⅰ•
How do you define a rational person, someone who is capable of cutting“Sunk Cost” with a strong will, considering that whatever cannot be recovered as if it was a burned bridge, cutting us from the road of our past, right after we had made a decision, we had passed “the point of no return”therefore, we hold no responsibility to our past . In that case, we should never felt regret, never to be haunted by the ghost of remorse, someone who can be “at ease”with every decision they made, that is, even after they had made mistakes, and still, they can convince themselves that they made their decision in accordance with their“sound mind”, that is, being “agreeable to reason”. Well, isn't that a perfect rational human being, the problem is, it is simply too perfect to be true.
To recognize a sunk cost is nothing, most people are capable of doing that, and to cast aside of it is not too difficult either, it is something less easy for a lot of people, but in the end, we will be forced to make that choice. I will not use some easy example such as throwing away some spend investment first, of course time and money means a lot to us, but the result of material lost is not strong enough to play in this argument, since we are here to discuss the phenomenon of Human mind.
The story goes like this:Sophie stood there against the gun point of Nazi madness; she was forced to make a choice, a choice between her two children, only one will be spared, and one will have to face the certain death, the choice is her to make, both will be killed if she cannot made a choice. Now if anyone wants to accuse me of being too harsh for bringing in such rare example, I am quite willing to accept the accusation, but, I do have my reason, because in a radical example regarding choice such as this one, we can see more clearly the seemingly secured “Rationality”can have its opposite side of being both shaky and absurd, surely Sophie had made a“rational choice”, no one can blame her on any bases, but it is the variable cost we have considered here, in order to understand the dilemma of rational choice .
Ⅱ•
In various fields of ideas, “Rationality”can mean diverse thing, we should not be convinced of all of it, at least not too willingly, considering most of it were based on idealized, conditioned modules, they were hypothesis casts living Human Being as being perfectly reacting to accurate event. In those modules, every one is expected to function as some kind of “superior statisticians”, that is, being able to make reasonable decision in accordance with their “sound mind”.Well, even the all mighty Himself must look at those people with envy, especially the day He decided that He had to flood out the entire production on His making.
Rationality is being able to identify and differentiate what lies in front of oneself, and being able to decide what should be left behind as irretrievable loss, never to create a situation of“cost overrun”just to save money or face. Strangely enough, people tends to prefer avoiding losses than acquiring gains, the“illusion of loss aversion” often tuned out to be the strongest motive that drives our behavior . Again we will have to brings out the problem of“What kinds of choice, it is far easier when we are dealing with a ticket, or a few bucks, but, can it still be that easy when we are dealing with human relationship?or a life?most of all, should it be that easy?If we recollect the ghost that haunted Sophie and Macbeth, the answer may seem to be less reassuring for us to trust the power of rationality.
Why do we value rationality so much?One of the reasons is because we as human beings are intrinsically motivated to master our environments, to have an effect on or to cope successfully with the world of people and objects, and, most of all, to get the “best”output of decision. We feel most“at home”“at ease”when we are in a rational surrounding, irrational people seems to be so full of uncertainty, so full of threat, just remember how we criticize those Romanticist, they allows emotion took controlled of them, always taking risky bet out of life, until they face either madness or death, we easily judged them as the victim of“status quo bias”,that is, definitely “irrational”.
Let us break away from those serious issues for a moment, now, a graduate student of philosophy can already be considered as a rational adult, why does one decides to attended the school in the major of philosophy?To start, one have to allocated scarce resources to the whole processes, notably two or three years of their life and a lot of moneys, while they are attending college, they will not have time to do some other things, like working full – time, fooling around, which means, some“ cost ”will have to be paid, and quite possible, will be paid alone the rest of their life.
The best time of your life will be spend studying something with obscure answer, and most likely it will not cash in much in this reality - based world, you are now devoting a significant amount of your life to something uncertain, except a paper of degree, which will sounds more rational with the letter of M.B.A on it. Why do we invest our scare resources in this way?It will be too disrespectful to say that we are just being leaded by social conditions, or that we are just a bunch of romantic idealist, at least, there ware some rational thinking performs alone the way, before we made that decision.
The very moment that we make our decision, it most likely we had planted the ghost of regrets, which will haunt us in the future, especially as we looked back at those decision as“Sunk Cost”, because we will look at those decisions as economic one, in the sense of a “bad investment”. The mental states of humanity is not a direct copy of physical world, after all, there is a difference between our cognition and the complex social surrounding, which exist outside the willful thinking of our simple recognition, we perceive the phenomenon as reality, and function in accordance to that perception, thus to establish a rationality to secure our way of daily life.
It all seems to be so “natural”, but the true reality is far from that simple deduction, the fairy tale of Cinderella mentioned how her sister tried to cut off part of her feet, in order to fit in the glass slippers, based on ideal hypotheses to solve the problem of human mental states, is itself very much like that conditioned act. But, in accordance to Newton's first law of motion, if there is an outside force, any stable condition will be changed into a direction beyond our feeble minds can predict, rationality is something more than just making accurate prediction, efficient control, what more important is to act in accordance to our mind, before the inner conflict turned into ghosts that can destroy us.
When we examined deep into human nature, or analyzing our own mental state, we can see how we are the main sculptor who shapes ourselves, thru imagination or fabrication, based on our observation and the actions that follow, we realize our cognition into reality, the experience of our experience becomes parts of ourselves, good or bad, apart from a few successful“investments”, we looked back at more “Sunk Cost”than anyone can bear, how do we deal with it?how can we find a “exit strategy”, most people will tried to find comfort thru excuses, it is far easy to convince ourselves that it was not our fault, so we can puts the blame on someone else or some other cause such as fate, in away , these are the lucky ones, because some of them won't be haunted by the ghost that leap out of their minds .
We had mentioned the tragedy of Sophie, her choice was the work of human evil, against her free will, now what about Mcbeth? He tried his best to analyze his mind in accordance to reason, and worked its way to rationality, he even foresee the possible“Sunk Cost”of his acts, but all it takes was a few mockery, and crumbled was his rationality. Maybe the decision we make in our action all thru our life is not so much different from that of Macbeth, considering so many of us walked ourselves into the abyss of despair, it is the “ghost”of our remorse that achieved its goal, as we ceaselessly looked back at the “Sunk Cost”.
Ⅲ•
Who takes rationality as prisoner?Well, no one but ourselves, clearly we can understand that rationality is no guarantee of a wise, or even a correct decision, numerous decisions we will have to make in a lifetime, be it short or long, and definitely many of them will be viewed by us or other as “bad investment”, wise we may not become, after all, “To err is Human”, does that sounds like seeking“excuses”?Maybe, but that is not exactly what we are trying to do here, we are only trying to finds a “Way out”off the abyss, it the constant reminiscences of the“Sunk Cost”that will destroyed our mind, not the “Sunk Cost”itself.
Obsession means that the more we believe in something, the more easy it is for us to becomes of it, rationality is not the cure for everything, it is not even the definite solution of anything, it is rather function as an antidote against obsession, as well as the status quo biases surrounding it. It is easy to maintain rationality while working on a conditioned module, but human nature often involves interactive relationship among subject, and every individual life is an irreversible process, “Sunk Cost”and“Haunted Ghost”are like twins, we will be kidding ourselves to say that we can dismiss the regret of our mistakes, and just get on with our life as if nothing had happened, the “Ghost”will always be there to haunt us, just as the “Sunk Cost”is a past that will never go away.
In the world of our minds, dilemma is what we have to face all our life, with no remorse, we are just heartless beast, with too much remorse, we will be eaten alive by our own ghosts, the phenomenon of our minds can walked its way out of the past, a past with all its ghosts, or embrace a present of peace at hand, it is a difficult task, but so is life, life is a risky investment, its up to us, and us alone, we choose how to live it.
REFERANCES:
Kahneman, Deniel.(2002) Maps of Bounded Rationality, Stockholm:Nobel Foundation.
Gal, David. (2006) “A Psychological Law of Inertia and the Illusion of Loss Aversion”, Judgment and Decision Making. Stanford:Stanford University.
2010年11月11日 星期四
守護者
午夜寒意受阻於夾層窗
凝結霧氣 威嚇
溫熱室內的捲曲胴體
遠方圍繞巨廈的花火 無聲閃爍
傳遞它膝下的年度膜拜與歡呼
她用手指輕輕在玻璃窗上滑動
畫出生命中殘存的渴望
以微濕指尖滋潤枕上乾裂嘴唇
灰亮寂寥的病房圍繞成橢圓迷宮
夜巡天使安靜的裙角 定時流動
用同等的堅持抗衡眈視的黑暗
平息斷續的呻吟
溫柔眼神 撫慰
被痛楚撕裂的夢魘
在刺鼻的酒精與排泄物混雜氣息中
閉上眼睛 彷彿聞到
飄過熱帶海洋 南方島嶼濃郁的芒果香氣
廣闊清澈的晨曦 午後溫暖的雷雨 璀璨黃昏
還有數到入睡的滿天星斗
赤足孩童們歡愉尖叫 奔跑
飛濺起的泥漿流蕩在黝黑身軀
無調童謠依稀迴盪在她胸口 震動 回答
無憂無慮舊日時光的呼喚
突然穿梭的急促腳步打破模糊夢境
推車緊張的伴隨壓抑的低語快速移動
她直覺的握住床上乾瘦的顫抖手臂
用來自異國的輕緩吟唱 安撫
緊閉眼睛下的不安 阻擋
病房間四處流竄的威嚇
在晨曦逐漸照亮雜亂城市的素顏之前
在疲憊群眾將孤寂交還廣場上垃圾之後
她再度征服夜的疲倦
暗黑眼圈下的明亮眼神
穿透逐步退卻的陰影
凝視著窗外
遙遙相對 艮古長存
冰冷的曙光
午夜寒意受阻於夾層窗
凝結霧氣 威嚇
溫熱室內的捲曲胴體
遠方圍繞巨廈的花火 無聲閃爍
傳遞它膝下的年度膜拜與歡呼
她用手指輕輕在玻璃窗上滑動
畫出生命中殘存的渴望
以微濕指尖滋潤枕上乾裂嘴唇
灰亮寂寥的病房圍繞成橢圓迷宮
夜巡天使安靜的裙角 定時流動
用同等的堅持抗衡眈視的黑暗
平息斷續的呻吟
溫柔眼神 撫慰
被痛楚撕裂的夢魘
在刺鼻的酒精與排泄物混雜氣息中
閉上眼睛 彷彿聞到
飄過熱帶海洋 南方島嶼濃郁的芒果香氣
廣闊清澈的晨曦 午後溫暖的雷雨 璀璨黃昏
還有數到入睡的滿天星斗
赤足孩童們歡愉尖叫 奔跑
飛濺起的泥漿流蕩在黝黑身軀
無調童謠依稀迴盪在她胸口 震動 回答
無憂無慮舊日時光的呼喚
突然穿梭的急促腳步打破模糊夢境
推車緊張的伴隨壓抑的低語快速移動
她直覺的握住床上乾瘦的顫抖手臂
用來自異國的輕緩吟唱 安撫
緊閉眼睛下的不安 阻擋
病房間四處流竄的威嚇
在晨曦逐漸照亮雜亂城市的素顏之前
在疲憊群眾將孤寂交還廣場上垃圾之後
她再度征服夜的疲倦
暗黑眼圈下的明亮眼神
穿透逐步退卻的陰影
凝視著窗外
遙遙相對 艮古長存
冰冷的曙光
兒童夜行軍
你們將趕往何方?
野性目光 四散 潛伏 閃爍
穿透陰黯的喧囂叢林
嘲笑我疲憊步伐
昏沈的溼熱肢體
在背後喘息的跟隨
忽而驚醒 衝撞 然後
以畏懼眼神致歉
九歲吧?
比我小 兩年? 三年?
記憶中似乎殘留著
呵護 嬉戲
如同茫然遊魂
我們趕往
隱形的邊界線
日出前的天際
流動著鮮艷紅彩
白晝與黑夜的獸群
在平靜中交替巡狩
在它們冷然注目下
我們 輕巧 撲 向
沉睡於草原的村落
恐懼極端短暫
槍機向臉頰噴出熾熱油漬
鼓動逃逸火花 吞噬 制服
所有跳動的心
槍背帶綑綁著哭泣或呆滯的 稚嫩獵物
他們將接收
安息於塵埃的短暫童顏位置
不久之後 逐 漸 淡 忘
消失的純真
烈日穿透流動的熱氣
將疲憊的行伍
送回隱匿的叢林
在這巨大 古老 黑暗 心房
我們於夢魘中 掙扎 等待
另一次燦爛星光下的夜行軍
你們將趕往何方?
野性目光 四散 潛伏 閃爍
穿透陰黯的喧囂叢林
嘲笑我疲憊步伐
昏沈的溼熱肢體
在背後喘息的跟隨
忽而驚醒 衝撞 然後
以畏懼眼神致歉
九歲吧?
比我小 兩年? 三年?
記憶中似乎殘留著
呵護 嬉戲
如同茫然遊魂
我們趕往
隱形的邊界線
日出前的天際
流動著鮮艷紅彩
白晝與黑夜的獸群
在平靜中交替巡狩
在它們冷然注目下
我們 輕巧 撲 向
沉睡於草原的村落
恐懼極端短暫
槍機向臉頰噴出熾熱油漬
鼓動逃逸火花 吞噬 制服
所有跳動的心
槍背帶綑綁著哭泣或呆滯的 稚嫩獵物
他們將接收
安息於塵埃的短暫童顏位置
不久之後 逐 漸 淡 忘
消失的純真
烈日穿透流動的熱氣
將疲憊的行伍
送回隱匿的叢林
在這巨大 古老 黑暗 心房
我們於夢魘中 掙扎 等待
另一次燦爛星光下的夜行軍
成年祭
凌晨的寒氣將露水凍結在葉尖,跟著隱約傳來的屎尿氣味輕聲潛行,飛鼠紅亮眼睛在星光中好奇的注視著我,手上獵刀輕微的抖動。
整夜持續的亢奮逐漸消退,原本的直覺和自信也隨之動搖,濕熱的陽光融化遲疑的霧氣,看著青苔上雜亂的蹄印,疲憊步步增強我的質疑,它真的在前方亡命奔逃?還是躲在遠方嘲笑著我?
它踩著黑色頁岩碎片衝撞過來的時候我幾乎快忘記對頭目發下的驕傲誓詞,在汗水模糊的眼角中它憤怒的看著兩腳發軟的我,直到它在低沈喘息中躺下,我才聞到噴灑在臉上的血腥味。平靜高空上的鷹柔緩的盤旋,黃昏前我們會回到部落。
瘖瘂戰鼓
雪白布條緊綁在年輕的額頭上,在「必勝」兩字中間的紅色圓日因為汗水而溶解變形,他和一群伙伴暈眩的躺在沾粘著油漬和嘔吐殘渣的甲板上,浪花不時捲起向上威嚇著聒噪的海鷗,當軟顫雙腳再度踩在沙灘時,仿佛所有遠方殖民帝國的重擔都將他壓制沉沒。
在習慣了高空中不時掠過的機群陰影後,散兵坑終於成為他的固定住址,無效的藥片終於宣告停止發放以後,不定時腹泄和忽冷忽熱的身軀狀態卻突然同時終止,他開始觀察沿著坑壁安靜支解搬運兀自扭動蟲屍的蟻群。透過鏽蝕的鐵絲網,像遊魂般坐在泥沼中的瘦削戰俘沉默的注視著他。
一顆炮宣彈在終戰日降落在他身旁,四散的碎片和承載和平訊息的傳單覆蓋他和那把從未奪取過生命的步槍。
歸鄉
他們匆忙的把我從芒果樹下挖掘出來時候留下了一節腳骨,一個路中央的坑洞顛碎木箱中的半打屍骨陶罐,於是放在神社寫著我日本名字的木匣,成為三個人的怪異合體。
假日時總是很熱鬧,穿著海軍服的白髮老兵嚴肅的唱著走調軍歌,有著類似上衣的短裙女孩嘻鬧跑向公園旁的速食店,一個穿著西裝的中年人定時的從垃圾桶中尋找午餐。裝扮成漫畫英雄的青年在午夜前結束表演,留下寂寥的烏鴉端坐在銀杏枝椏與我對抗時間的流逝。
在世紀初她抱著我們飛過大海,城市電影看板鄭重宣告世界末日的訊息,山路上散落大雨過後的柏油碎片。她溫柔的吟唱著遙遠記憶中的童謠,祖靈們坐在彩虹上微笑看著我躺臥的殘缺頭顱。
凌晨的寒氣將露水凍結在葉尖,跟著隱約傳來的屎尿氣味輕聲潛行,飛鼠紅亮眼睛在星光中好奇的注視著我,手上獵刀輕微的抖動。
整夜持續的亢奮逐漸消退,原本的直覺和自信也隨之動搖,濕熱的陽光融化遲疑的霧氣,看著青苔上雜亂的蹄印,疲憊步步增強我的質疑,它真的在前方亡命奔逃?還是躲在遠方嘲笑著我?
它踩著黑色頁岩碎片衝撞過來的時候我幾乎快忘記對頭目發下的驕傲誓詞,在汗水模糊的眼角中它憤怒的看著兩腳發軟的我,直到它在低沈喘息中躺下,我才聞到噴灑在臉上的血腥味。平靜高空上的鷹柔緩的盤旋,黃昏前我們會回到部落。
瘖瘂戰鼓
雪白布條緊綁在年輕的額頭上,在「必勝」兩字中間的紅色圓日因為汗水而溶解變形,他和一群伙伴暈眩的躺在沾粘著油漬和嘔吐殘渣的甲板上,浪花不時捲起向上威嚇著聒噪的海鷗,當軟顫雙腳再度踩在沙灘時,仿佛所有遠方殖民帝國的重擔都將他壓制沉沒。
在習慣了高空中不時掠過的機群陰影後,散兵坑終於成為他的固定住址,無效的藥片終於宣告停止發放以後,不定時腹泄和忽冷忽熱的身軀狀態卻突然同時終止,他開始觀察沿著坑壁安靜支解搬運兀自扭動蟲屍的蟻群。透過鏽蝕的鐵絲網,像遊魂般坐在泥沼中的瘦削戰俘沉默的注視著他。
一顆炮宣彈在終戰日降落在他身旁,四散的碎片和承載和平訊息的傳單覆蓋他和那把從未奪取過生命的步槍。
歸鄉
他們匆忙的把我從芒果樹下挖掘出來時候留下了一節腳骨,一個路中央的坑洞顛碎木箱中的半打屍骨陶罐,於是放在神社寫著我日本名字的木匣,成為三個人的怪異合體。
假日時總是很熱鬧,穿著海軍服的白髮老兵嚴肅的唱著走調軍歌,有著類似上衣的短裙女孩嘻鬧跑向公園旁的速食店,一個穿著西裝的中年人定時的從垃圾桶中尋找午餐。裝扮成漫畫英雄的青年在午夜前結束表演,留下寂寥的烏鴉端坐在銀杏枝椏與我對抗時間的流逝。
在世紀初她抱著我們飛過大海,城市電影看板鄭重宣告世界末日的訊息,山路上散落大雨過後的柏油碎片。她溫柔的吟唱著遙遠記憶中的童謠,祖靈們坐在彩虹上微笑看著我躺臥的殘缺頭顱。
浪花
山谷中高粱如翠綠海浪在金色溫暖陽光下搖蕩隨風飄送出陪伴著淡淡香氣的稚氣歌詠她和玩伴在青紗帳中躲貓貓在母親呵護下遠離遠方混亂的世界跨海而來的烈日快速灼傷大地
他倉皇放棄書中夢鄉穿上沾黏新舊血跡殘留陌生名牌的過大軍服防禦 攻擊 轉進青春在生死存亡中隨著軍靴流動消逝勝利的狂喜與未來的期盼同樣短 暫陳年戰火在親友同胞間重新點燃她在恐懼母親牽引下離開故鄉他隨敗退兵車碾過城垣命運硬將兩人捲成一體翻騰白浪在黯淡黑水溝上咆哮無盡期的夢魂 思念 穿越隔絕的 相似的 仇恨符號新生命的成長伴隨孕育者的歲月刻痕
改變撫慰 異鄉人 哀 愁
和平曙光帶她再度穿越海峽
四散的殘餘手足無語相對
她輕捧沉睡的母親走近大河
淚水灰燼 伴隨浪潮 流向永恆
山谷中高粱如翠綠海浪在金色溫暖陽光下搖蕩隨風飄送出陪伴著淡淡香氣的稚氣歌詠她和玩伴在青紗帳中躲貓貓在母親呵護下遠離遠方混亂的世界跨海而來的烈日快速灼傷大地
他倉皇放棄書中夢鄉穿上沾黏新舊血跡殘留陌生名牌的過大軍服防禦 攻擊 轉進青春在生死存亡中隨著軍靴流動消逝勝利的狂喜與未來的期盼同樣短 暫陳年戰火在親友同胞間重新點燃她在恐懼母親牽引下離開故鄉他隨敗退兵車碾過城垣命運硬將兩人捲成一體翻騰白浪在黯淡黑水溝上咆哮無盡期的夢魂 思念 穿越隔絕的 相似的 仇恨符號新生命的成長伴隨孕育者的歲月刻痕
改變撫慰 異鄉人 哀 愁
和平曙光帶她再度穿越海峽
四散的殘餘手足無語相對
她輕捧沉睡的母親走近大河
淚水灰燼 伴隨浪潮 流向永恆
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